Review Article

Eco-friendly Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Antibiofilm Activity against Bacterial Pathogens: A Review

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has created an urgent need for novel antimicrobial strategies. Metallic nanoparticles, especially those synthesized via green and eco-friendly methods, have emerged as promising alternatives due to their potent biological activities and biocompatibility. This review highlights recent advances in the eco-friendly biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plant extracts, microorganisms, and other natural sources as reducing and stabilizing agents. The discussion focuses on their physicochemical properties, mechanisms of antibacterial and antibiofilm action, and their effectiveness against clinically important pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. Additionally, the review emphasizes how green-synthesized nanoparticles interfere with quorum sensing, inhibit biofilm formation, and enhance bacterial membrane disruption. Overall, eco-friendly metallic nanoparticles represent a sustainable and effective approach for combating multidrug-resistant bacteria and biofilm-associated infections, providing a promising direction for future biomedical applications.